بازتاب گفتمان اجتماعی دوره قاجار در اشعار مستوره کردستانی با رویکرد نورمن فرکلاف

This research has been done with the aim of analyzing how the social discourse governing Qajar period Iran is reflected in the poems of Kurdistan mystic, poet lady and mystic of this period. For this purpose, the collection of Kurdistan poems has been evaluated using Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis approach, in three levels: description (linguistic features of the text), interpretation (relationship between text and interaction) and explanation (relationship between interaction and social context). Also, the statistical analysis of the findings has been done using Maxqda qualitative analysis software. According to the findings, although the Kurdistan mystic is subordinate to the traditional discourse both in the category of poetry and in the field of mysticism, however, his various criticisms include criticism of the political situation, criticism of economic and livelihood disorders, criticism of disorder in the field of religion and ethics, etc. The fact that he clearly reflected the general situation of Iranians in the Qajar period shows the type of his performance against the ruling discourses in this period, which is based on protest and criticism. Based on the results of the analysis, Kurdistan is primarily a mystic, but at the same time he is a poet, writer, researcher and social critic; she has played a role and expressed herself in different political, social and cultural fields much more and more advanced than the women poets or mystics in the history of Persian poetry.
 
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Keywords




Social Discourse, Qajar Period, Women Poets, Mastooreh Kurdestani, Norman Fairclough
 
Introduction
On the threshold of constitutionalism, the all-round developments of Iran on the one hand and the arrival of new ideas on the other hand led to the diversity of approaches and intellectual tendencies among the strata of society and created new discourses and sub-discourses, including women's sub-discourse, in contrast to the traditional discourses. . The developments of this period were the beginning of women's awareness of "self" and the traditional position of women in the patriarchal Iranian society; In the meantime, a group of women were still subject to the traditional discourse, strongly opposing new views and Western ideas; But many other women, parallel to social and intellectual changes, distanced themselves from traditional attitudes and tried to change their individual and social position. The modern women's discourse in two "radical" intellectual approaches (based on comparing the human and social rights of Iranian women with Western women, opposing men's thinking, acquiring knowledge and learning, abandoning the hijab, gaining independence through women's employment, etc.) and " "moderate" (based on emphasis on scientific learning, the necessity of rational behavior, providing a solution for the advancement of women and localizing the models of women in advanced countries according to domestic requirements, etc.) emerged; Meanwhile, the position of Mastooreh Kurdestani has become important for several reasons: despite the fact that due to the intellectual, cultural and social structure that governs Iranian society, the presence of female poets in the history of Persian poetry has been small, Mastooreh Kurdestani is one of the few women poets who, in addition to on the power of poetry, he has followed a certain line of thought; Especially the fact that at the beginning of the two ways of women's choice between tradition and innovation, she created a conscious fusion and relying on the value foundations of religion and culture, has tried instead of opposing and obstinately against any change, especially for the advancement and intellectual and cultural advancement of women.
Considering the political and social situation as well as the all-round developments of Iran during the Qajar period, the present research seeks to answer the question of what social currents of this period have been reflected in the poems of Mastooreh Kurdestani, mystic lady and poet of the Qajar period? And how was his performance against the ruling discourses of this period? For this purpose, Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis approach has been used, which combines text analysis and social analysis, and its ultimate goal is to analyze the social action of discourse; It means that it deals with the relationship between text and sociological, historical, ideology, power and conventions and cultural and social knowledge.
 
Methodology
Since the aim of the present research was to evaluate the discourse exposure of Mastooreh Kurdestani to the social issues of the Qajar period, in this research, his collection of poems based on the efficient strategies of Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis, is examined at three levels: "description", "interpretation" and "explanation". And evaluated. At the level of description, words and sentences of Kurdistan poems have been evaluated for having experiential, expressive and relational values, and at the level of interpretation, their dependence on previous discourses and texts (including pre-existing genres and intertextuality) has been evaluated. At the explanation level, the cultural and social structures and relations (including the political, social and cultural situation of the Qajar period) which caused the text to emerge, have been evaluated in order to reflect the political and social currents of this period in the poems of Mastooreh Kurdestani, as well as his performance in confrontation to show her era with the ruling discourses of Iranian society. Statistical analysis of the research was also done using Maxqda qualitative analysis software.
 
Findings
In response to the research question: What were the social currents of the Qajar period reflected in the Kurdistan mystical poems? The collection of poems of Mastooreh Kurdestani, the lady poet and mystic of the Qajar period, was evaluated based on the efficient strategies of "critical discourse analysis" by Norman Fairclough and emphasizing the analysis of his social discourse, in three levels: "description", "interpretation" and "explanation".
The results of the analysis of Mastooreh's poems at the level of description introduce him as a mystical poet who is subject to the traditional discourse and a representative of the school of literary return, both in the category of poetry and in the field of mysticism. The analysis at the level of interpretation, while showing the multiplicity of discourses and the diversity of participants in Mastooreh's poetry, shows that the multiplicity of discourses in his poems is an expression of his multidimensional thinking and the result of Mastooreh's vast knowledge in poetry, mysticism and society. Based on the existing components, three discourses including "emotional discourse", "religious discourse" and "social discourse" were identified in her poetry. Although emotional discourse is wider than the other two discourses in terms of the number of related components, in general, there is a difference between them. There is alignment. The alignment of these discourses shows that in the hidden belief of human emotions, the spiritual world and social issues have almost the same value. The discursive analysis of Mastooreh Kurdestani poems at the level of explanation shows that the discourse actions of the Mastooreh match with the social actions of the Qajar period to a large extent. Mastooreh Kurdestani, while writing romantic and mystical lyrical lyrics, has raised social issues in several forms in his poems; His description of the king and other contributors to the text, his recommendations as well as his social criticisms of political currents (including ruling class differences), social (including economic and livelihood disorders) and cultural (including disorders in the field of religion and ethics) It has clearly reflected the Iranians in the Qajar period. The results of the analysis also show that Mastooreh is not confined in poetic solitude and mystical solitude; She was primarily a mystic, but at the same time she was a poet, writer, researcher, activist and social critic; In the meantime, although Mastooreh appears in her poems as a man in accordance with the dominant discourse in the Qajar period, her special performance in bringing awareness to the type of "woman" has distinguished him among other women of the time. She has played a role and expressed herself in different political, social and cultural fields much more and more advanced than the women poets or mystics in the history of Persian poetry.
 
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