مقایسه ترس از شفقت ورزی، اجتناب تجربه ای و بخشایشگری در دختران قربانی بدرفتاری‌ جنسی و فاقد بدرفتاری جنسی در دوران کودکی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار، گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه اردکان، اردکان، ایران. (نویسنده مسئول) l.shameli@ardakan.ac.ir

چکیده

پژوهش حاضر با هدف مقایسه ترس از شفقت‌ورزی، اجتناب تجربه‌ای و بخشایشگری در دختران قربانی بدرفتاری‌ جنسی دوران کودکی با دختران فاقد سابقه بدرفتاری جنسی دوران کودکی انجام شد. روش پژوهش توصیفی از نوع علَی-مقایسه‌ای و نمونه شامل ۲32 دختر از دانشجویان دانشگاه سلمان فارسی کازرون بود که مقارن با شرایط آموزش مجازی پاندمی ویروس کرونا، به شیوه در دسترس و از طریق ارسال لینک پرسشنامه در کانال‌های اجتماعی مربوط به دانشجویان دانشگاه انتخاب شدند؛ بدین صورت که در ابتدا 116 دانشجوی دختر با رعایت ملاک‌های ورود داشتن سابقه بدرفتاری‌های جنسی دوران کودکی و با دامنه سنی 18 تا 40 سال و ملاک خروج سابقه اعتیاد به مواد مخدر به عنوان گروه قربانی در نظر گرفته شدند و به همراه 116 دانشجوی دختر دیگر که سابقه هیچ گونه بدرفتاری جنسی دوران کودکی نداشتند و از لحاظ سن و سطح تحصیلات با افراد گروه اول همتا شده بودند گروه نمونه را تشکیل دادند و پرسشنامه‌های ترس از شفقت (FCS)، پذیرش و عمل- نسخه دوم (AAQ-II) و بخشودگی بین‌فردی (IFI) را تکمیل نمودند. تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از روش تحلیل واریانس چند‌متغیری در نرم‌افزارSPSS-26 انجام گرفت. یافته‌ها گویای وجود تفاوت معنادار قربانیان بدرفتاری جنسی و گروه فاقد سابقه بدرفتاری جنسی از نظر ترس از شفقت‌ورزی، اجتناب تجربه‌ای و بخشایشگری بود. نتایج برای روان‌شناسان جهت لزوم برگزاری دوره‌های آموزشی و مداخلاتی برای کاهش چنین پیامدهای روان‌شناختی مفید می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparison of Fear of Compassion, Experiential Avoidance and Forgiveness in Girl Victims of Sexual Maltreatment and without Sexual Maltreatment in Childhood

نویسنده [English]

  • Leila Shameli
Assistant Professor., Department of Psychology, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran. l.shameli@ardakan.ac.ir. (Corresponding Author)
چکیده [English]

The study aimed to compare girls who were victims of childhood sexual maltreatment with girls without a history of childhood sexual maltreatment in terms of fear of compassion, experiential avoidance, and forgiveness. The method of this research was descriptive causal-comparative. The sample consisted of 232 girl students of the Salman Farsi University of Kazerun who were selected in an available sampling and by sending the questionnaire link to the social channels of the students of the university in line with the virtual education condition of the Coronavirus pandemic. In this way, 116 girl students with a history of childhood sexual maltreatment, with an age range of 18 to 40 years and the exclusion criteria of a history of addiction were as a victim group. Together with 116 girl students who had no history of childhood sexual maltreatment and were matched with the first group in terms of age and level of education, they completed the Fear of Compassion Scales (FCS), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), and Inter-Personal Forgiveness Inventory (IFI). Data analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of variance in SPSS-26 software. Findings showed that there was a significant difference between victims of sexual maltreatment and the group without a history of it in terms of fear of compassion, experiential avoidance, and forgiveness. Results for psychologists to hold training courses and interventions for reducing fear of compassion, experiential avoidance, and promoting forgiveness in these girls be useful.
 
‌‌
Fear of Compassion, Experiential Avoidance, Forgiveness, Sexual Maltreatment, Girls.
‌
‌Introduction
Childhood maltreatment is a general issue with serious consequences for people’s lives. Sexual maltreatment Unlike physical maltreatment, which has an obvious symbolism, it often remains a hidden secret between the abused (child) and the abuser. Studies have shown that victims of sexual abuse show less compassion than those without a history of abuse (Miron, & et al. 2016). Children who have been maltreated as children develop active inner models of themselves as unlovable beings, worried about being rejected by others, and believing that compassion is a sign of weakness. Hence, receiving compassion from oneself or others targets a threatening and frightening response that victims have a limited capacity for self-regulation. This conditional response from fear of kindness to oneself or others is called fear of compassion (Gilbert, 2014).
 
Methodology
The present study was a descriptive causal-comparative study. The statistical population included all students of the Salman Farsi University of Kazerun. The study sample consisted of 232 girl students who were selected in an available sampling by sending a questionnaire link to the social channels related students; Initially, 116 girl students met the inclusion criteria to declare a history of child sexual maltreatment and also agreed with all 5 items related to the sexual maltreatment subscale of the Child Abuse Self-Reporting Scale (CASRS) and the age range of 18 to 40 years and the exclusion criteria for a history of drug addiction were considered as the victim group, along with 116 other girl students with no history of sexual maltreatment and They did not in all 5 items of the sexual maltreatment subscale of the child abuse self-report scale, they obtained a score of zero and were matched with the first group in terms of age and level of education, They competed the Fear of Compassion Scales (FCS), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), and Inter-Personal Forgiveness Inventory (IFI). Data analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of variance in SPSS-26 software.
 
Findings
The results showed that girls with a history of childhood sexual maltreatment had higher scores on fear of compassion, fear of self-compassion, fear of receiving compassion for others, experiential avoidance, and lower scores on forgiveness than girls without a history of sexual maltreatment during childhood.
 
Result
Overall, the current study confirms little previous research conducted abroad on the negative and long-term psychological consequences of experiencing childhood sexual maltreatment in Iranian girls. The results show that the impact of such bitter experiences is such that young girls, for years, suffer from fear of compassion for themselves, for those around them, and even for receiving compassion from others, and perhaps if no intervention is made, the possibility It is also affecting their quality of married life. Also, choosing an inconsistent strategy of experiential avoidance and little use of interpersonal forgiveness will exacerbate the above consequences. Therefore, the present study doubles the need for education and intervention programs to reduce the negative effects of childhood sexual maltreatment experienced in the early stages of child development and before the formation and persistence of psychological trauma.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Fear of Compassion
  • Experiential Avoidance
  • Forgiveness
  • Sexual Maltreatment

مراجع

احتشام­زاده، پروین.، احدی، حسن.، عنایتی، میرصلاح‌الدین و حیدری، علیرضا. (1389). ساخت و اعتباریابی مقیاسی برای سنجش بخشودگی بین فردی. ‌روا­­ن­پزشکی و روان­شناسی بالینی ایران، 16(4)، 455-443.
خواجوی­کیا، هنگامه. (1387). بررسی عوامل موثر بر سوءرفتار نسبت به زنان متأهل مراجعه­کننده به مرکز پزشکی قانونی شهر تبریز. ‌زن و مطالعات خانواده، 1(2)، 68-47.
ربانی خوراسگانی، علی و مؤمنی­راد، فهیمه. (1395). بررسی عوامل تربیتی مؤثر بر جامعه­پذیری فرزندان بر اساس روش تحلیل مضمون (مطالعه موردی دو گروه از مادران آسیب­دیده شهر اصفهان). ‌پژوهش‌های جامعه‌شناسی معاصر، 5(8)، 67-47.
راهب، غنچه.، اقلیما، مصطفی.، عباسی کمرودی، مهری و مجتبی، کفشگر. (1388). تأثیر روانی- اجتماعی کودک آزاری و نقش پلیس در پیشگیری از بروز آن. ‌انتظام اجتماعی، 1(2)، 81-106.
سنگانی، علیرضا.، طالب­زاده، محسن.، جنگی، پریا.، رامک، ناهید و همایونی، علیرضا. (1397). رابطه میران پرخاشگری و خوددلسوزی با بخشایش مادریاران مراکز توانبخشی افراد کم توان ذهنی. ‌کودکان استثنایی، 18(4)، 40-31.
صادق­زاده، مرضیه و شاملی، لیلا. (1400). بررسی ویژگی­های روان­سنجی نسخه فارسی پرسشنامه ترس از شفقت (FCS). ‌پژوهش­های نوین روانشناختی، 16(61)، 142-127.
عباسی، ایمانه.، فتی، لادن.، مولودی، رضا و ضرابی، حمید. (1391). کفایت روان­سنجی نسخه فارسی پرسشنامه پذیرش و عمل- نسخه دوم، روش­ها و مدل­های روان­شناختی، 2(10)، 65-80.
‌Abasi, E., Fati, L., Molodi, R. & Zarabi, H. (2013). Psychometric properties of Persian version of acceptance and action questionnaire-II. Psychological Methods and Models, 2 (10), 65-80. (In Persian)
Beckenbach, J., Giordano, F., Sells, J. & Tollerud, T. (2007). Sexual abuse and forgiveness: A regression analysis. Professional Issues in Counseling, Summer. Retrieved from http://www.shsu.edu/~piic/summer2007/index.html
Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Bear, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole. N., Orcutt, H. K., Waltz, T. & Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the acceptance and action questionnaire-II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 676-688.
Boykin, D. M., Himmerich, S. J., Pinciotti, C. M., Miller, L. M., Miron, L. R. & Orcutt, H. K. (2018). Barriers to self-compassion for female survivors of childhood maltreatment: The roles of fear of self-compassion and psychological inflexibility. Child Abuse & Neglect, 76(2), 216-224.

Branscome, R. E. (2018). The relationship between substance use problems, family communication, forgiveness, and male childhood sexual abuse. Dissertation & Theses in Ph.D., The University of North Carolina at Charlotte.

Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P. & Deblinger, E. (2006). Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children and adolescents. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Ehteshamzadeh, P., Ahadi, H., Enayati, M. S. & Heidari, A. (2011). Construct and validation of a scale for measuring interpersonal forgiveness. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry & Clinical Psychology, 16(4), 443-455. (In Persian)
Gilbert, P. (2005). Compassion and cruelty: A bio-psychosocial approach. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Conceptualizations, research and use in psychotherapy (pp. 9–74). London: Routledge
Gilbert, P. (2010). Compassion focused therapy [Special issue]. International Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 3, 95–201.
Gilbert, P. (2014). The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 53(1), 6-41.
‌Gilbert, P. (2015). An evolutionary approach to emotion in mental health with a focus on affiliative emotions. Emotion Review, 7(3), 230-237
Gilbert, P. (2019). Explorations into the nature and function of compassion. Current Opinion in Psychology, 28, 108-114.
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Mitra, R., Franks, L., Richter, A. & Rockliff, H. (2008). Feeling safe and content: A specific affect regulation system? Relationship to depression, anxiety, stress, and self-criticism. Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(3), 91-182.
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Gibbons L., Chotai S., Duarte J. & Matos. (2013). Fears of compassion and happiness in relation to alexithymia, mindfulness and self-criticism. Psychology of Psychotherapy, 85(4), 374-390.
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M. & Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of compassion: Development of three self-report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84(3), 239–255.
Gilbert, P., McEvan, K., Mitra, R., Richter, A., Franks, L., Mills, A., Bellew, R. & Gale, C. (2009). An exploration of different types of positive affect in students and patients with a bipolar disorder. Clinical Neuropsychiatry: Journal of Treatment Evaluation, 6(4), 143-135.
Gilbert, P. & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13, 353–379.
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., D., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D. & et al. (2004). Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model.  The Psychological Record, 54, 553-578.
Kelly, A. C., Leybman, J. M. & Gilbert, P. (2012). Social safeness, received social support, and maladjustment: Testing a tripartite model of affect regulation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(6), 815-826.
Khajavikia, H. (2009). A study of abuse factors against married women ‎referred to the forensic medical center of Tabriz. Journal of Woman & Study of Family, 1(2), 47-68. (In Persian)
Kirby, J. N., Day, J. & Sagar, V. (2019). The ‘Flow’ of compassion: A meta-analysis of the fears of compassion scales and psychological functioning. Clinical Psychology Review, 70, 26-39.
Leahy, R. L., Tirch, D. D. & Napolitano, L. A. (2012). Why is emotion regulation important? Psychotherapy in Australia, 19(1), 68.
Lindert, J., Von Ehrenstein, O. S., Grashow, R., Gal, G., Braehler, E. & Weisskopf, M. G. (2014). Sexual and physical abuse in childhood is associated with depression and anxiety over the life course: Systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Public Health, 59, 359-372.
Lyons, G. C. B., Deane, F. P. & Kelly, P. J. (2010). Forgiveness and purpose in life as spiritual mechanisms of recovery from substance use disorders. Addiction Research and Theory, 18(5), 528–543.
Maio, G. R., Thomas, G., Fincham, F. D. & Carnelley, K. B. (2008). Unraveling the role of forgiveness in family relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 307–319.
Miron, L. R., Seligowski, A. V., Boykin, D. M. & Orcutt, H. K. (2016). The potential indirect effect of childhood abuse on post-trauma pathology through self-compassion and fear of self-compassion. Mindfulness, 7(3), 596–605.
Miron, L. R., Sherrill, A. M. & Orcutt, H. K. (2015). Fear of self-compassion and psychological inflexibility interact to predict PTSD symptom severity. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 4, 37–41.
Mohammadkhani, P., Mohammadi, M., Nazari, M., Salavati, M. & Razzaghi, O. (2003). Development, validation and reliability of child abuse self-report scale (CASRS) in Iranian students. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 17(1), 51-58.
Müller, M., Vandeleur, C., Rodgers, S., Rössler, W., Castelao, E., Preisig, M. & Ajdacic-Gross, V. (2015). Posttraumatic stress avoidance symptoms as mediators in the development of alcohol use disorders after exposure to childhood sexual abuse in a Swiss community sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 46, 8–15.
O’Mahen, H. A., Karl, A., Moberly, N. & Fedock, G. (2015). The association between childhood maltreatment and emotion regulation: Two different mechanisms contributing to depression? Journal of Affective Disorders, 174, 287-295.
Pargament, K. I., Smith, B. W., Koenig, H. G. & Perez, L. (1998). Patterns of positive and negative religious coping with major life stressors. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37, 710-724.
Peets, K., Hodges, V. E. & Salmivalli, C. (2012). Forgiveness and its determinants depending on the interpersonal context of hurt. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 114(1), 131–145.
Pereda, N., Guilera, G., Forns, M. & Gómez-Benito, J. (2009). The prevalence of child sexual abuse in community and student samples: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 29 (4), 328–338.
Polusny, M. A., Rosenthal, M. Z., Aban, I. & Follette, V. M. (2004). Experiential avoidance as a mediator of the effects of adolescent sexual victimization on adult psychological distress. Violence and Victims, 19, 1–12.
Rabbani, A. K. & Momenirad, F. (2016). Evaluation of educational factors affecting the socialization of children based on content analysis (The study two groups of mothers affected in Isfahan). Two Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research, 5(8), 47-67. (In Persian)
Raheb, G., Eghlima, M., Abbasi Kamroudi, M. & Kafshgar, M. (2009). The psycho-social impact of child abuse and the role of the police in preventing its occurrence. Journal of Social Order, 1(2), 81-106. (In Persian)
Sadeghzadeh, M. & Shameli, L. (2021). Investigating the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the fear of compassion scale (FCS). Journal of Modern Psychological Researches, 16(61), 127-142. (In Persian)
Sangani, A., Talebzadeh, M., Jangi, P., Ramak, N. & Homayouni, A. (2018). The role of aggression and self-compassion in the forgiveness of mother assistants at rehabilitation centers for people with intellectual disability. Journal of Exceptional Children, 18(4), 31-40. (In Persian)
Shenk, C. E., Putnam, F. W. & Noll, J. G. (2012). Experiential avoidance and the relationship between child maltreatment and PTSD systems: Preliminary evidence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36, 118-126.
Ullman, S. E., Peter-Hagene, L. C. & Relyea, M. (2014). Coping, emotion regulation, and self-blame as mediators of sexual abuse and psychological symptoms in adult sexual assault. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 23(1), 74–93.
World Health Organization. (2020). Child maltreatment. World Health Organization, Geneva. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs150/en/index.html
Worthington, E. L., Jr., Berry, J. W. & Parrott, L. III. (2001). Unforgiveness, forgiveness, religion, and health. In T. G. Plante & A. C. Sherman (Eds.), Faith and health: Psychological perspectives, The Guilford Press. pp. 107–138.
Worthington Jr, E. L. & Cowden, R. G. (2017). The psychology of forgiveness and its importance in South Africa. South African Journal of Psychology, 47(3), 292-304.
Xavier, A., Cunha, M. & Pinto Gouveia, J. (2015). Deliberate self-harm in adolescence: The impact of childhood experiences, negative affect and fears of compassion. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clinica, 20, 41–49.

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار