The role of everyday sadism and schadenfreude in predicting hostile masculine beliefs against Women

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Departent of Psychology, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad Uniuersity, Birjand, Iran

2 M.A in Clinical Psychology, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad Uniuersity, Birjand, Iran

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the role of everyday sadism and Schadenfreude in predicting of hostile masculine beliefs against women. In this correlational study, among all male students of Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Birjand Branch and University of Birjand in the academic year of 2017-2018, 356 students were selected by available sampling method. Instruments included Schadenfreude Inventory (5 items), Sadistic tendencies Scale (18 items) and Hostility Toward Women Scale (10 items). Data were analyzed by using either SPSS- 24 software or Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Findings showed that there is a relationship between everyday sadism and Schadenfreude with hostile masculine beliefs against women. The highest correlation was observed between physical sadism and vicarious sadism (p < 0.01) and the least correlation was observed between physical sadism and Schadenfreude (p < 0.01). In addition, the findings showed that physical sadism and verbal sadism account for over 19% of the variance of hostile beliefs (R Square= 0.16). The findings of the present study showed the roles of everyday sadism and Schadenfreude in predicting of hostile masculine beliefs against women. Therefore, considering the role of these predictive variables by experts, therapists and planners seem to be necessary when working with students, and particularly in counseling and therapeutic centers.

Keywords

References

Ahmadi, Kh., Azad Marzabadi, E.and Mullah Zamani, Ali. (2005). This is the Internet version of the Internet and the Internet version of the User's Guide. Soccer Military Medicine, 7 (2): 152-141. text persian
Allport, G. W. (1955). Becoming: Basic considerations for a psychology of personality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Bakhshi Pour Rudsari, A. (2008). Relationship between life satisfaction, problem solving style and religious attitude with mental health, Journal of Psychology, Tabriz University, 3: 19-1(Text  in Persian).
Beta, M. and Jafari Harandi, R. (2018). Life satisfaction prediction based on personality traits and defense mechanisms, Journal of Social Psychological Studies of Women, 16 (1): 150-111(Text  in Persian).
Brown, P. H. and Tierney, B. (2009). "Religion and Subjective Well-Being among Elderly in China", Journal of Socio-Economics, 38: 310-319.  
Burton, N.W., Pakenham, K.I. and Brown, W.J. (2010). Feasibility and effectiveness of psychosocial resilience training: A pilot study of the READY program. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 15(3): 266-277. DOI: 10.1080/13548501003758710.
 Cho, E-H., Lee, D-G., Lee, G. H., Hoon Bae, B. and Jeong, S. M. (2014). Meaning in Life and School Adjustment: Testing the Mediating Effects of Problem-focused Coping and Self-acceptance. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 114: 777-781.
Denckla, M.B. (2003). ADHD: Topic update. Brain and Development children Assessment, 5, 215-26.
Dennis, J.P. and Vander Wal, J.S. (2010). The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Journal of cognition therapy research, 34: 241-53.
Diener, E. E., Sun, M., Lucas, R. E. and Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125: 276-302.
Diener, E. and Sah, E. M. (1985). Saving quality of life. Journal of economic, social and subjective judicators, 4: 189-216.
Doğan, T., Sapmaz, F., Dilek Tel, F., Sapmaz, S. and Temizel, S. (2012). Meaning in Life and Subjective Well-Being among Turkish University Students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 55: 612-617.
Elkins, D. N., Hedstrom, L. J., Hughes, L. L., Leaf, J. A. and Saunders, C. (1988). Towards a humanistic phenomenological spirituality: Definition, description and measurement. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 28, 5-18.
Farach, Frank J., Mennin, Douglas S., Smith, Rita L. and Mandelbaum, Matthew. (2008). The Impact of Pretrauma Analogue GAD and Posttraumatic Emotional Reactivity Following Exposure to the September 11 Terrorist Attacks: A Longitudinal Study. Behavior Therapy, 39(3): 262-276. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2007.08.005
Fledderus, M., Bohlmeijer, E. T. and Pieterse, M. E. (2010). Does experiential avoidance mediate the effects of maladaptive coping styles on psychopathology and mental health? Behav Modif, 34(6): 503-519. doi: 10.1177/0145445510378379
Fordyce, M. W. (1977). "The Happiness Measure: A Sixty Second Index Of Emotional Well", Being and Mental Health, USA: Edison Community Press.
Frankl, V.E. (1984). Man’s search for meaning (3rded.). New York: Simon & Schuster.
Gan, Y., Liu, Y. and Zhang, Y. (2004). Flexible coping responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome-related and daily life stressful events.Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 7: 55–66.
Ghobari Bonab, B., Mutualipour, A., Hakimi Rad, E. and Habibi Askar Abadi, M. (2009). Relationship between Anxiety and Depression with Spirituality in Tehran University Students. Journal of Applied Psychology, 3 (2): 123-110(Text  in Persian).
Gholami, M., Pasha, GR. and Sudan, M. (2009). The effectiveness of group therapy Bramyd meaning to life and the general health of female patients with thalassemia. Knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology, Islamic Azad University Khorasgan. 42, 45-25.   
Gruber, J. (2005). "Religious Market Structure, Religious Participation, and Outcomes: Is Religion Good for You?", NBER Working Paper, no.11377.
Hadian Far, H. (2005). Mental feeling of welfare and religious activities in a group of Muslims, Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology of Iran (Thought and Behavior), 11: 232-224(Text in Persian).
Haglund, M. E. M., Nestadt, P. S., Cooper, N. S., Southwick, S. M. and Charney, D. S. (2007). Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience: Relevance to prevention and treatment of stressrelated psychopathology. Development andPsychopathology, 19: 889–920.
Hahn, E., Johnson, W. and Spinath, F. M. (2013). Beyond the heritability of life satisfaction–The roles of personality and twin-specific influences. Journal of Research in Personality, 47(6): 757-767.
Harris, A. H. and Standard, S. (2001). Psychometric properties of the Life Regard Index–Revised: A validation study of a measure of personal meaning. Psychological Reports, 89(3): 759-773.
Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J. B., Bond, F. W., Masuda, A. and Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: model, processes and outcomes. Behaviour research and therapy, 44(1): 1-25. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006
Jowkar, B. (2007). The mediating role of resilience in the relationship between general and emotional intelligence and life satisfaction.
Kapteyn, A. and Smith, P. (2009). James & Arthur van Soest; Life Satisfaction. Discussion Paper No. 
Keshavarz, A., Mehrabi, H.A. and Soltanizadeh, M. (2009). Psychological Predictors of Life Satisfaction, Evolutionary Psychology, 22: 168-159(Text in Persian).
King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., Krull, J. L.and Del Gaiso, A. K. (2006). Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Personality and Social Psychology, 90(1): 179-196.
Krause, N. (2003). Religious Meaning and Subjective Well-Being in Late Life, Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 58(3): 160-170.
Lelkes, O. (2006). "Tasting Freedom: Happiness, Religion and Economic Transition", Journal_ of Economic Behavior and Organization 59: 173-194.
MacDonald, D. A. (2011). Spiritual identity: Individual perspective. In S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research , (pp. 531-544), New York: Springer.
Maltby, J., Day, L., McCutcheon, L. E., Gillett, R., Houran, J. and Ashe, D. D. (2004). Personality and coping: A context for examining celebrity worship and mental health. British Journal of Psychology, 95(4): 411-428.
Marashi, S. A., Mehrabian, T.and Muslim, M. (2016). The Relationship between Personality Characteristics and Spiritual Intelligence with Life Satisfaction in Employees of an Industrial Company in Ilam, Journal of Military Sciences, 3 (1): 55-48(Text  in Persian).
Maslo, A, H. (1970). Religion, values, and peak experiences. New York: Viking Press.
Mehmood, T. and Shaukat, M. (2014). Life satisfaction and psychological well-being among young adult female university students. International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science, 2(5):143-53.
 Myers, D. G. (2000). "The Funds, Friends, and Faith of Happy People", AmericanPsychologist, 55(1): 56-67.
 
Myers, D. G.and Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy?. Psychological science, 6(1): 10-19.
Nasiri, H. and Jokar, B. (2008). Significance of life, hope, life satisfaction and mental health in women, Journal of Women's Research, 6 (2): 176-157(Text  in Persian).
Nazoktabar, H., Hosseini, S.Z. and Babaee, E. (2016). An Analysis of the Relationship between Spiritual Health, Attitudes toward Marriage, Relationships and Marital Engagement of Married Women, Journal of Social Psychological Studies, Women, 14 (3): 114-93(Text in Persian).
Pavot, W. E. Dienner and E. Suh (1998), "The Temporal Satisfaction with Life Scale, Journal of Personality Assessment 70: pp.340-354.
Pavot, W. and E. Dienner (1993). "The Affective and Cognitive Context of Self-Reported Measures of Subjective Well-Being", Social Indicators Research 28: 1-20.
Phillips, E.L. (2011). Resilience, mental flexibility and cortisol response to the Montreal Imaging Stress Task in unemployed men. Michigan, the University of Michigan.
Salariyah, S., Roshan, R. and Moghadasin, M. (2016). Five major factors of personality and defense mechanisms in predicting the quality of life of women with sexual dysfunction, behavioral and cognitive science research, 5 (1): 50-37. (Text  in Persian).
Sawatzky, R.; P. A. Ratner and L. Chiu (2005). "A Metaanalysis of Relationship between Spirituality and Quality of Life", Social Indicators Research 72: 153-188.
Shakerinia, I. (2009). Relationship and significant between social capital and mental health and life of spouse abused women. Women and Health, 2: 66-47.
Shelley A., Fahlman Kimberley B., Mercer, P. G., Adrienne, E. Eastwood and John D. Eastwood. (2009). Does a Lack of Life Meaning Cause Boredom? Results from Psychometric, Longitudinal, and Experimental Analyses. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28) 3): 307-340.
Shi, M., Wang, X., Bian, Y. and Wang, L. (2015). The mediating role of resilience in the relationship between stress and life satisfaction among Chinese medical students: a cross-sectional study. BMC medical education, 15(1): 16.
Soydemir, G. A.; E. Bastida and G. Gonzalez (2004), "The Impact of Religiosity on Self Assessments of Health and Happiness: Evidence from the U.S. Southwest", Applied Economics 36: 665-672.
Swinyard, W. R.; A. K. Kau and H. Y. Phua (2001), "Happiness, Materialism, and Religious Experience in the U.S. and Singapore", Journal of Happiness Studies 2: 13-32.
Westin, Vendela, Hayes, Steven C. and Andersson, Gerhard. (2008). Is it the sound or your relationship to it? The role of acceptance in predicting tinnitus impact. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(12): 1259-1265. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.08.008
Zare, B. and Safiari Jafarabad, H. (2015). A Study on the Relationship between Factors Affecting Marital Satisfaction among Married Women and Men in Tehran, Journal of Social Psychological Studies in Women, 13 (1): 140-111(Text  in Persian).
Zong, J. G., Cao, X. Y., Cao, Y., Shi, Y. F., Wang, Y. N. and Yan, C. (2010). Coping flexibility in college students with depressive symptoms. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 8 (66): 1-6.
Zulling, K. J.; R. M. Ward and T. Horn (2006), "The Association between Perceived Spirituality, Religiosity and Life Satisfaction: the Mediating Role of Self-Rated Health", Social Indicators Research 79:255-274.
Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological
Volume 16, Issue 3 - Serial Number 56
October 2018
Pages 139-158

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics