طرحواره های ناسازگار اولیه و راهبردهای مقابله ای در زنان همسر آزار دیده متقاضی طلاق

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناسی ارشد گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه اراک، اراک، ایران. nezamabadi.f.94@gmail.com

2 دانشیار گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه اراک، اراک، ایران. (نویسنده مسئول) s-moosavipour@araku.ac.ir

3 متخصص پزشکی قانونی و مسمومیت‌ها، گروه پزشکی قانونی و مسمومیت‌ها، پزشکی قانونی استان اردبیل، ایران. negar.khoshnevis@yahoo.com

چکیده

راهبردهای مقابله ای می تواند منجر به کاهش رنج ناشی از وضعیت تنش زا به دلیل نقش طرحواره های ناسـازگار اولیـه باشد، به همین دلیل بررسی این عوامل می تواند در جهت بررسی علل طلاق موثر باشد. هدف پژوهش حاضر نیز بررسی مولفه های مذکور در زنان متقاضی طلاق ناشی از همسرآزاری و سایر زنان متقاضی طلاق مراجعه کننده به پزشکی قانونی استان اردبیل می باشد. روش پژوهش، توصیفی از نوع علّی-مقایسه‌ای بود. پرسشنامه ها‌ی طرحواره‌ی ناسازگار اوّلیه یانگ (1999) و راهبردهای مقابله ای لازاروس و فولکمن توسط 100 نفر از زنان انتخاب شده (50 زن متقاضی طلاق ناشی از همسرآزاری و 50 زن متقاضی طلاق) با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند، تکمیل شد. به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از آزمون تجزیه و تحلیل واریانس استفاده شد. یافته ها نشان داد که طرحواره‌های ناسازگار اولیه زنان آزاردیده از همسر تفاوت معنی‌داری با سایر زنان متقاضی طلاق داشت به‌طوری‌که در زنان آزاردیده از همسر بیشتر بود. همچنین راهبردهای مقابله‌ای زنان آزاردیده از همسر تفاوت معنی‌داری با سایر زنان متقاضی طلاق داشت به‌طوری‌که در سایر زنان متقاضی طلاق بیشتر بود. با توجه به یافته ها، طرحواره‌های ناسازگار اوّلیه در بین زنان متقاضی طلاق ناشی از همسر آزاری بیشتر از سایر زنان متقاضی طلاق بود. هرچند این تحقیق بامحدودیت هایی از قبیل عدم همکاری مراجعین پزشکی قانونی اردبیل همراه بود. پیشنهاد می شود که مهارت ها و برنامه های آموزشی مرتبط با افزایش شیوه های سازگاری زوجین در زندگی مشترک در راستای کاهش آمارطلاق، آموزش داده شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Early Maladaptive Schemas and Coping Strategies in Abused Women Seeking Divorce

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Nezamabadi 1
  • Saeed Moosavipour 2
  • Negar Khoshnevis 3
1 MA of General Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Arak University, Arak, Iran. nezamabadi.f.94@gmail.com
2 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Arak University, Arak, Iran. s-moosavipour@araku.ac.ir (Corresponding Author)
3 Department of Forensic Toxicology, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Ardabil, Iran. negar.khoshnevis@yahoo.com
چکیده [English]

Coping strategies can lead to a reduction in suffering caused by stressful situations due to the role of initial maladaptive schemas. Therefore, the study of these factors can be effective in investigating the causes of divorce. The present study aimed to investigate the mentioned components in women seeking divorce due to spousal abuse and other women seeking divorce referred to forensic medicine in Ardabil province. The research method used was descriptive causal-comparative. The Young and Brown maladaptive schema questionnaire and the Lazarus and Folkman coping strategies were completed by 100 selected women (50 women seeking divorce due to spousal abuse and 50 women seeking divorce) using purposive sampling. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the initial maladaptive schemas of abused women from their husbands were significantly different from other women seeking divorce. Abused women had more maladaptive schemas than women seeking divorce for other reasons. Additionally, coping strategies of abused women from their husbands were significantly different from other women seeking divorce, with other causes being more common. According to the findings, the initial maladaptive schemas were higher among women seeking divorce due to spousal abuse than among other women seeking divorce. However, this study had limitations, including the lack of cooperation from Ardabil forensic clients. To reduce divorce rates, we suggest that skills and training programs related to increasing couples' adaptation practices in cohabitation be taught.
‌




Keywords




Early Maladaptive Schemas, Coping Strategies, Divorce, Abused Women by Husband
‌
‌Introduction
In recent decades, global social developments have confronted and threatened the family system with new changes, challenges, issues, and needs. When family functions, such as biological, social, cognitive, and emotional functions, are damaged one after another, their members gradually lose their sense of satisfaction (Kowah, 2015). The gradual decrease in family members' satisfaction first causes psychological rupture and then social rupture. Eventually, it becomes a legal event called a divorce (Oldham, 2017). Therefore, divorce is the most important threat against the foundation of the family (Ghotbi et al., 2004). Divorce is known as one of the most common social harms and its occurrence is increasing in industrial and non-industrial countries (Hezar Jaribi et al., 2017). According to the National Registration Organization, the divorce rate from 2006 to 2013 is more than 16% Has increased (Zareian and Sadidpour, 2017). Also, according to the statistics of the Civil Registration Organization, the number of marriages registered in 1396 compared to 1395, decreased by about 8% (51 thousand cases), while the number of divorces reached about 175 thousand cases, which is the highest number recorded in the history of Iran. (Sadegh Shirazi, 2018).
Early maladaptive schemas are emotional and cognitive patterns of self-harm that are formed in the mind at the beginning of growth and development and continue throughout life (Sohrabi, Azami et al, 2014). As can be understood from this definition, schemas do not include the behaviour of individuals, but behavior is part of the coping responses that originate from schemas (Salavati and Yazdandoost, 2015). Early maladaptive schemas are one of the factors that can affect marital satisfaction (Young, Kloseco, & Wisshar, 2003). These schemas can affect a person's perception of various situations, such as sexual dysfunction, and are one of the most important etiological factors in the tendency to risky behaviours (Poliment, Morho-Gronert, 2010). , Affect the ability to feel intimacy and satisfaction from romantic and sexual relationships of couples (Chata and Wischman, 2014).
Coping strategies refer to one's activities and efforts to manage problems and emotions and to influence physical and psychological consequences (Summerfield and McCray, 2000). These strategies are generally thought of as mediating variables that are called when experiencing a stressor and express the relationship between the stressor and its outcome (Hosseini et al., 2016). In other words, it is a set of cognitive and behavioural efforts that are used to interpret, interpret and correct a stressful situation and lead to a reduction in suffering (Schmidt et al., 2012). From the point of view of Lazarus and Folkman (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984), confrontation is a dynamic phenomenon that shows the state of a person's cognitive and emotional efforts in the face of stressful factors or consequences. Lazarus states that more important than tension is the concept of coping, which plays an important role in adaptation and incompatibility. Sources of environmental stress, when strong and uncontrollable, affect a person's behaviour and disrupt his performance, and the amount of stress caused by environmental stressors depends on a person's mental judgment about the extent of the threat of stress (Lazarus, 1991).
 
Methodology
The research method was descriptive causal-comparative. The Young Young (1999) maladaptive schema questionnaire and Lazarus and Folkman coping strategies were completed by 100 selected women (50 women seeking divorce due to spousal abuse and 50 women seeking divorce) using purposive sampling. To analyze the data, an analysis of variance was used.
 
Result
The results showed that the initial maladaptive schemas of abused women from their husbands were significantly different from other women seeking a divorce so that in abused women it was more than the husband. Also, the coping strategies of abused women from their husbands were significantly different from other women seeking divorce, so it was more common in other women seeking a divorce. According to the findings, the initial maladaptive schemas were higher among women seeking divorce due to spousal abuse than other women seeking divorce. However, this study was accompanied by limitations such as the lack of cooperation of Ardabil forensic clients. It is suggested that skills and training programs related to increasing couples' adaptation practices in cohabitation be taught to reduce divorce rates.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Early Maladaptive Schemas
  • Coping Strategies
  • Divorce
  • Abused Women by Husband

مراجع

ابراهیمی، سمیه، و بنی‌فاطمه، حسین. (1393). طلاق عاطفی و عوامل مرتبط با آن در شهرستان نقده. مطالعات جامعه‌شناسی، 5(17)، 22-7.
پروین، ستار.، داودی، مریم و محمدی، فریبرز. (1391). عوامل جامعه‌شناختی مؤثر در طلاق عاطفی در بین خانواده‌های تهرانی. ‌مطالعات راهبردی زنان، 14(56)، 153-119.
پیروی، مریم و بهرامی، هادی. (1396). بررسی رابطه طرح‌واره‌های ناسازگار اولیه زوجین و سازگاری زناشویی در دانشجویان متأهل واحد علوم تحقیقات تهران. رویش روان‌شناسی، 6(1)، 158-131.
ثنایی ذاکر، باقر و براتی، طاهره. (1379). مقیاس سنجش خانواده و ازدواج. تهران: انتشارات بعثت.
شکرکن، حسین.، خجسته مهر، غلامرضا.، عطاری، یوسفعلی.، حقیقی، جمال و شهنی ییلاق، منیجه. (1385). بررسی ویژگی‌های شخصیتی، مهارت‌های اجتماعی، سبک‌های دلبستگی و ویژگی‌های جمعیت‌شناختی به‌عنوان پیش‌بین‌های موفقیت و شکست رابطه زناشویی در زوج‌های متقاضی طلاق و عادی در اهواز. قم : موسسه فرهنگی و اطلاع‌رسانی تبیان.
عطاری، یوسف علی.، امان‌الهی فرد، عباس و مهرابی‌زاده هنرمند، مهناز. (1385). بررسی رابطه ویژگی‌های شخصیتی و عوامل فردی- خانوادگی با رضایت زناشویی در کارکنان اداره‌های دولتی شهر اهواز. مجله علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، 13(3)، 108-81.
موسوی بقراباد، محمد. (1388). بررسی اثربخشی آموزش مهارت‌های مقابله‌ای بر سبک‌های مقابله ‌مؤثر با استرس در دانش‌آموزان پسر سال اول متوسطه شهر تالش. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد مشاوره مدرسه، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی.
نجفی، محمود.، بی‌طرف، مهسا.، محمدی‌فر، محمدعلی و زارعی مته‌کلایی، الهه. (1394). مقایسه طرح‌واره‌های ناسازگار اولیه و بینش شناختی در زنان متقاضی طلاق و عادی. ‌زن و جامعه، 6(24)، 58-41.‎
نیک‌منش، زهرا و پیراسته مطلق، علی اکبر. (1398). طرح‌واره‌های ناسازگار اوّلیه و کیفیت زندگی. مجموعه مقالات ششمین سمینار سراسری بهداشت روانی دانشجویان. دانشگاه گیلان.
یانگ، جفری.، کلوسکو، ژانت و ویشار، مارجوری. (1386). طرح‌واره درمانی: راهنمای کاربردی برای متخصصان بالینی. ترجمه حسن حمیدپور و زهرا اندوز. تهران: انتشارات ارجمند.
‌Abasi Asfajir, A. A., Khoshfar, G. R. & Shafayi, M. (2016). A study on structure of ‌power distribution in family and social participation (Case study of Golestan province residents). Sociology of Social Institutions, 3(7), 179-151.
Abramsky, T., Devries, K., Kiss, L., Nakuti, J., Kyegombe, N., Starmann, E., ... & Michau, L. (2014). Findings from the SASA! study: A cluster randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of a community mobilization intervention to prevent violence against women and reduce HIV risk in Kampala, Uganda. BMC Medicine, 12(1), 122.
Ahmed, A. M. & El Mardi, A. E. (2005). A study of domestic violence among women attending a medical centre in Sudan. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 11(1-2), 164-174.
Amato, P. R. (2010). Research on divorce: Continuing trends and new developments. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 650-666.
Anderson, M. L. & Leigh, I. W. (2010). Internal consistency and factor structure of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales in a sample of deaf female college students. Journal of Family Violence, 25(5), 475-483.
Attari, Y. A., Aman Elahi Fard, A. & Mehrabizadeh Honarmand, M. (2006). Investigating the relationship between personality traits and individual-family factors with marital satisfaction in the employees of government offices in Ahvaz city. Journal of Educational Sciences and Psychology, 13(3), 81-108. (In Persian)
Banihashemi, F., Alimondegari, M., Kazemipoor, S. & Gholami Fesharaki, M. (2019). Investigating factors affecting divorce rate in Iran's provinces using path analysis model. Iranian Population Studies Journal, 4(8), 181-210.
Bazdar, K. & Mousavi, A. (2018). An investigation and analysis of the role of initial maladaptive schemas and negative perfectionism in predicting emotional divorce among couples. The Women and Families Cultural Educational, 13(43), 93-116.
Camera, M. & Calvet, E. (2013). Cognitive schemas predicting anxiety and depressive symptoms: the role of dysfunctional coping strategies. Journal of European Psychiatry, 27(1), 122-144.
Childress, S., Gioia, D. & Campbell, J. C. (2018). Women’s strategies for coping with the impacts of domestic violence in Kyrgyzstan: A grounded theory study. Social Work in Health Care, 57(3), 164-189.‏
Dalal, K., & Lindqvist, K. (2012). A national study of the prevalence and correlates of domestic violence among women in India. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 24(2), 265-277.
Dumitrescu, D. & Rusu, A. S. (2012). Relationship between early maladaptive schemas, couple satisfaction and individual mate value: An evolutionary psychological approach. Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies, 12(1), 63-76.
Dutton, D. G. (2011). Rethinking domestic violence. UBC press.
Falahatdoost, M., Dolatshahi, B., Mohammadkhani, P. & Nouri, M. (2013). Identifying the role of early maladaptive schemas in variety of domestic violence against women with the experience of violence.‏ Practice in Clinical Psychology, 1(4), 219-225.
Ghotbi, M., Holakouei, N. K., Jazayeri, A. & Rahimi, A. (2004). Evaluation of divorce and its factors in divorced person lived in Doulat Abad (Tehran). Social Welfare, 3(12), 271-286.
Hedayat, S., Arefi, M. & Mahdavi, A. (2019). The role of early maladaptive schemas in predicting marital satisfaction of Kermanshah Police Officers. Rooyesh, 8(4), 155-164
Hezarjaribi, J., Entezari, A. & Niyyati, M. (2017). Divorce trends in Iran between 2004-2013. Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 6(4), 1108-1122.
Hosseini, A., Zahrakar, K., Davarnia, R. & Shakarami, M. (2016). Prediction of vulnerability to stress based on social support, resiliency, coping strategies and personality traits among university Students.Research in Cognitive and Behavioral Science, 6(2), 27-42.
Ibrahimi, S. & Bani Fatimah, H. (2013). Emotional divorce and related factors with it in Naghadeh. Sociological Studies, 5(17), 7-22. (In Persian)
Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press.
Lazarus, R. S. (1993). Coping theory and research: Past, present, and future. Psychosom Med, 55(3), 234-247.
Mahapatro, M. & Singh, S. P. (2020). Coping strategies of women survivors of domestic violence residing with an abusive partner after registered complaint with the family counseling center at Alwar, India. Journal of Community Psychology, 48(3), 818-833.‏
Medeiros, L. M. V. & Ribas, V. R. (2014). Early maladaptive schemas of women who are victims of domestic violence in pernambuco/brazil. Neurobiologia, 77(1-2), 21-30.‏
Mousavi Baghrabad, R. (2009). Effectiveness of coping skills training on coping styles with stress in students Talesh city. A thesis presented for degree in M.A in school counseling field. Shahid Beheshti University. (In Persian)
Najafi, M., Bitaraf, M., Mohammadyfar, M. A. & Zarei Matekolaei, E. (2016). The comparison of primary maladaptive schemas and cognitive insight between divorced and normal women. Journal of Woman & Society, 6(4), 41-58. (In Persian)
Nobre, P. J. (2009). Determinants of sexual desire problems in women: Testing a cognitive-emotional model. Journal of Sex Marital Therapy, 35(5), 360–377.
Oldham, J. T. (2017). Divorce, Separation and the Distribution of Property. Law Journal Seminars Press.
Parvin, S., Davoodi, M. & Mohamadi, F. (2012). Sociological factors influencing emotional divorce in Tehran. Women's Strategic Studies, 14(56), 119-153. (In Persian)
Pascal, A., Christine, A.‌ & Jean, L. (2008). Development and validation of the cognitive inventory of subjective distress. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23, 1175-1182.
Peiravi, M. & Bahrami H. (2017). The survey of the couple’s primary inconsistent schemas and the matrimonial adjustment in married students. Rooyesh, 6(1), 131-158. (In Persian)
Platts, H., Mason, O. & Tyson, M. (2006). Early maladaptive schemas and adult attachment in a UK clinical population. Psychol Psychother, 78(4), 549-564.
Polimeni, A. M., Moore, S. M. & Gruenert, S. (2010). MMPI-2 profiles of clients with substance dependencies accessing a therapeutic community treatment facility. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 6(1), 1-9.
Quah, S. E. L. (2015). Perspectives on Marital Dissolution: Divorce Biographies in Singapore. Springer.
Raftar, S. M., Pasandideh, M. & Kazemi, P. (2019). Comparing early maladaptive schemas, sexual knowledge and attitude in applicant for divorce and ordinary couples. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 21(1), 3-9.‏
Rahme, C., Haddad, C., Akel, M., Khoury, C., Obeid, H., Hallit, S. & Obeid, S. (2020). Correlation between early maladaptive schemas and violence against women among a representative sample from a Lebanese population: Results of a cross-sectional study. Researchsquare, 1-19.
Salavati, M. & Yazdan Doost, R. Y. (2015). Schematic Therapy (Special Guide for Clinical Psychologists). Danjeh. (In Persian)
Sanaei Zaker, B. & Barati, T. (2000). Family and Marriage Scale. Tehran: Besat Publishers. (In Persian)
Schmidt, S. D., Blank, T. O., Bellizzi, K. M. & Park, C. L. (2012). The relationship of coping strategies, social support, and attachment style with posttraumatic growth in cancer survivors. Journal of Health Psychology, 17(7), 1033-1040.
Shokrkon, H. & Khojaste Mehr, G., Attari, Y., Haghigi, J. & Shahni Yilaq, M. (2006). Investigating personality traits, social skills, attachment styles and demographic characteristics as predictors of marital success and failure in divorce-seeking and normal couples in Ahvaz. Qom: Tebian Cultural and Information Institute. (In Persian)
Sohrabi, F., Aazami Y. & Dostian, Y. (2014). Comparison of early maladaptive schemas and dysfunctional attitudes in normal and drug-dependent individuals. Journal of Applied Psychological Research, 5(1), 59-72.
Somerfield, M. R. & McCrae, R. R. (2000). Stress and coping research: Methodological challenges, theoretical advances, and clinical applications. American Psychologist, 55(6), 620-625.
Stiles, O. E. (2004). Early maladaptive schemas and intimacy in young adults' romantic relationships. Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay.
Swart, E. (2011). Strategies For Coping With Gender-based Violence: A Study Of Young Women In Kibera, Kenya.‏
Taghavi, F. & Mohammadi, A. (2017). Predicting the dimensions of domestic violence based on coping strategies and psychological wellbeing among married female students. Journal of Analytical - Cognitive Psychology, 8(29), 53.
Taheri Bonchenari, R., Aghajani Mersa, H. & Kaldi, A. (2018). An exploration of divorce and its origins and consequences in Tehran, 2016. Journal of Social Problems of Iran, 9(2), 139-164.
Thimm, J. C. (2010). Personality and early maladaptive schemas: A five-factor model perspective. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(4), 373-380.
Waldrop, A. E. & Resick, P. A. (2004). Coping among adult female victims of domestic violence. Journal of Family Violence, 19, 291-302.
Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S. & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioners Guide. Guilford.
Yousefi, N., Etemadi, O., Bahrami, F., Ahmadi, S. A. & Fatehi Zadah, M. A. (2010). Comparing early maladaptive schemas among divorced and non-divorced couples as predictors of divorce. IJPCP, 16(1), 21-33.

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار