تبیین مدل بهزیستی روان‌شناختی بر اساس خردمندی با میانجی‌گری احساس تنهایی در زنان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 ‌دانشجوی دکتری روان‌شناسی تربیتی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران. mirabi.saeede@gmail.com

2 استاد روان‌شناسی، دانشکده روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران. yousofi@um.ac.ir

3 کارشناس‌ارشد روان‌شناسی تربیتی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران. (نویسنده مسئول) ghandeharioon@um.ac.ir

چکیده

هدف این پژوهش طراحی مدلی برای تبیین بهزیستی روان‌شناختی بر اساس خرد و با میانجی‌گری احساس تنهایی در زنان بوده است. ‌‌پژوهش از نظر هدف، کاربردی و از حیث ماهیت، توصیفی از نوع همبستگی است. جامعه آماری ‌پژوهش شامل کلیه زنان شهر تهران در سال 1400 بود که تعداد 409 نفر با روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس به‌عنوان نمونه مورد مطالعه انتخاب شدند. اطلاعات مورد نیاز با استفاده از پرسشنامه بهزیستی روان‌شناختی ریف 1995، پرسشنامه احساس تنهایی اجتماعی و عاطفی بزرگ‌سالان و فرم کوتاه 12 سؤالی خرد سه­بعدی ‌گردآوری گردید. تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار spss24 وAmos24  انجام گرفت. یافته‌ها نشان داد که مدل، برازش مناسبی دارد. بر این اساس، بهزیستی روان‌شناختی رابطه مستقیم و معناداری با ‌خردمندی، و رابطه معکوس و معناداری با احساس تنهایی اجتماعی و عاطفی دارد. بر اساس این یافته‌ها می‌توان ‌گفت که احساس تنهایی اجتماعی و عاطفی بالا می‌تواند اثرات زیان‌باری بر بهزیستی روان‌شناختی بگذارد و با افزایش خرد می‌توان اثرات احساس تنهایی را کاهش داد تا منجر به افزایش بهزیستی روان‎‌شناختی گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Explaining the Model of Psychological Well-Being based on Wisdom Mediated by Feelings of Loneliness in Women

نویسندگان [English]

  • Moslem Daneshpayeh 1
  • Fariborz Dortaj 2
  • Atefeh Mazoosaz 3
1 PhD Student in Educational Psychology, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. m_daneshpayeh66@yahoo.com
2 Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. f_dortaj@yahoo.com.
3 Master of Educational Psychology, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. atefehmazoosaz@gmail.com. (Corresponding Author)
چکیده [English]

The purpose of this study was to design a model to explain wisdom-based psychological well-being and the mediating role of loneliness in women. The method of this research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in nature. The statistical population of this study was all women in Tehran in 1400. A total of 409 samples were selected by the available sampling method. The Riff 1995 Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire, the social and emotional loneliness scale and the 12-item wisdom scale were used for data collection. After data collection, data analysis was performed using spss24 and Amos24 software. Findings showed that the model has a good fit. Accordingly, psychological well-being has a direct and significant relationship with the variable of wisdom, and a significant inverse relationship with the feeling of loneliness (emotional and social). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that high feelings of loneliness (emotional and social) can have detrimental effects on psychological well-being and should be reduced by increasing wisdom to reduce the effects of loneliness to lead to increase psychological well-being.
‌‌
Women's Psychological Well-Being, Wisdom, Loneliness, Emotional Loneliness, Social loneliness.
‌
‌Introduction
The outbreak of Covid 19 can be considered an uncontrollable stressful event. Quarantine measures have disrupted daily life, which has a great impact on psychological well-being (López et al., 2020). Researchers have shown that psychological well-being decreases during the coronary crisis compared to pre-coronary psychological well-being and that symptoms such as anxiety, depression, nervousness, and frustration increase during the day (Tuason,  Güss, 2021). Social distance is now necessary to reduce the prevalence of the disease. However, this social distance leads to more loneliness and social isolation, which increases the risk of suicide, substance abuse and obesity, and so on. We are in a coronary condition between two epidemics, one coronary and the other solitary (Jeste, 2021); Research findings confirm that loneliness is a causal factor in the health and psychological well-being of various populations and has serious immediate and long-term consequences in mental health (Hooman, Ahadi, Sepah Mansour, Sheikhi, 2010). Research results indicate an inverse relationship between wisdom and loneliness and show the potential role of wisdom-enhancing interventions in reducing and preventing loneliness (Morlett Paredes et al., 2019). Wisdom consists of several specific components: social behaviour, emotional regulation, acceptance of different values, and assertiveness (Nguyen, 2021). Reinforcement of wisdom may lead to improved mental health and psychological well-being (Vásquez et al., 2020). The results showed that higher levels of lonliness were correlated with lower levels of wisdom and vice versa. Loneliness was associated with poor health, sleep quality, and happiness, and such results can be interpreted in two ways(Jeste, Di Somma, 2020).
Given the negative effects of the corona pandemic and the feeling of loneliness of women in situations where their responsibilities have multiplied, and based on a review of the research background, it is expected that reducing loneliness will lead to increasing wisdom and psychological well-being. In this regard, these questions arise as to whether wisdom contributes to the psychological well-being of women. Can the feeling of loneliness play a meditating role in this regard or not?.
 
Methodology
This study aimed to study the relationship between wisdom and the psychological well-being of women with moderating role of the feelings of loneliness.
The method of this research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive. 409 women were selected by convenience sampling method. The 18-item Reef Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire, the Adult Social-Emotional Loneliness Questionnaire, and a 12-item 3D short-term wisdom questionnaire were used online. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24 and AMOS software.
 
Findings
The results revealed a significant direct effect of wisdom, and feelings of loneliness on Psychological Well-Being. , and also, a moderating role of the feeling of loneliness (emotional and social) in the path of wisdom and Psychological Well-Being was significant. Generally, the fit indices of the whole model were appropriate.
 
Result
The first hypothesis of the study based on the effect of wisdom on women's psychological well-being was confirmed. As a theoretical basis, we can combine the cognitive, reflective and emotional characteristics of wisdom, a cognitive dimension that refers to a person's capacity and desire to understand life and face ambiguity and uncertainty and gain the meaning of life that leads to increased psychological well-being in the individual.  The reflective dimension refers to a person's metacognition and reflective thinking skills and examining an event from multiple perspectives, The emotional dimension, includes a person's positive feelings and behaviours toward the world through empathy and compassion, and self-compassionate people deal with problems more kindly and without judgment. And the higher the wisdom, the higher the psychological well-being. Accordingly, wise women usually have high psychological well-being.
Based on the second hypothesis, it is concluded that the feeling of loneliness (emotional and social) has a significant and inverse relationship with psychological well-being and wisdom. To explain this result, it can be said that when women feel that they are alone in society and do not feel any support in terms of the social environment around them, This feeling, in turn, harms self-acceptance, environmental dominance, a positive relationship with others, having a purpose in life, their personal growth and independence, and in general, their psychological well-being.
The results also showed that there is an inverse relationship between wisdom and loneliness. To explain this result it can be said that the loneliness reaction increases activity in a part of the brain that is effective on attention and reduces attention and slows cognitive function, in contrast, the reaction of wisdom and happiness increases activity in the left insular that manages social characteristics like empathy (Grenan et al., 2021), so increasing wisdom can counteract negative cognitive factors of loneliness and minimize their effects.
Another result was that wisdom has a significant effect on women's psychological well-being by mediating the role of loneliness (emotional, and social). Accordingly, people with positive efforts to develop empathy, humour, cognitive cohesion, visualization of wisdom in actions and positive influence on themselves and others will gain positive emotions and therefore will feel less lonely as a result, people will have high psychological well-being. those who have higher psychological well-being are happy, optimistic and have high emotional stability, try to solve their problems directly and are satisfied with their lives and feel happy (Afshari, Hashemi, 1398). Also, the wise response to coping with loneliness can reduce the negative effects of loneliness on life (Grenan et al., 2020), and thus help to increase women's psychological well-being by reducing loneliness.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Psychological well-being
  • Wisdom
  • Loneliness
  • Emotional loneliness
  • Social loneliness

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