Modelling Drivers Affecting Intergenerational Social Mobility of Women in Dehloran City

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. m.bagheri@scu.ac.ir. (Corresponding Author)

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. A.Boudaghi@scu.ac.ir

3 M.A in Sociology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. karamifrouzan7729@gmail.com

Abstract

This article aims to investigate the predictors affecting intergenerational social mobility among women in Dehloran city. The method of this research is a survey and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study includes all women in Dehloran city. The samples included 373 women who were selected using Cochran's formula. In terms of time, this research was conducted in 2019-2020.  Research instruments include the standard scale of social capital by Goshal and Nahapiet (1998), Lotfi's Destiny Scale (2008), Hezar Jaribi's Social Justice Scale (2011), Foroutan's Gender Stereotypes Scale (2016) and a researcher-made questionnaire to measure the intergenerational social mobility and media consumption. The validity and reliability indices of the model measurement section show that the model has a desirable goodness of fit. The results of structural equation modelling have also confirmed the effect of the variables of social capital, media consumption, destiny, gender stereotypes and the sense of social justice on the intergenerational social mobility of women. The results of the study indicate that the media consumption variable has the greatest impact on intergenerational social mobility, then, variables of destiny, gender stereotypes, sense of social justice and social capital are ranked. Also, research variables were able to explain 30.9% of the intergenerational social mobility changes.
‌
Intergenerational Social Mobility, Media Consumption, Feeling of Social Justice, Gender Stereotypes.
. 
‌
‌Introduction
Today, one of the most important criteria for measuring the level of development in a country is the status and prestige of women. Women not only play an important role in achieving social and political development but also due to their active and constructive role in society, they can accelerate the process of economic development and increase the social justice level (Kalantari & Ghaemi Zadeh, 2003). In a sense, paying attention to the women in society is a main requirement for achieving sustainable development. Therefore, paying attention to women's social mobility is essential (Suleiman Pour Omran & Shirazi, 2017: 110). 
If mobility opportunities are available to individuals within a society, they will be able to achieve their desired and worthy position by acquiring the necessary expertise, skills and qualifications. While in a closed system, people's effort and acquired characteristics such as education and training have no role since there is no possibility of promotion and mobility (Masoumi Rad & Naebi, 2015:104). In complex societies, changes in social mobility rates mainly depend on changes in job and educational structures (Luke&Munshi, 2011:2). By having a job, women can potentially increase their power in the family, as well as change the probable opportunities of their children in the future (LuKe&Munshi, 2011:1). Despite the women's participation benefits for the promotion of a society, the employment statistics in Iran show that gender discrimination leads to the marginal position of women in the labour market (Rafatkhah &Khairkhah, 2013:131), and inequality of opportunity persists (Muller&Pollak, 2015:3). Also, it makes it impossible to make good use of the capabilities of women. Although the research on intergenerational social mobility has placed great emphasis on men, in recent years more attention has been paid to patterns of mobility among women. In Iran, due to the weakness of sociological research conducted in the past, which has paid more attention to men, the issue of intergenerational social mobility of women, especially in Dehloran city and its related factors has received less attention. Disregarding the underlying factors of intergenerational social mobility of women in Dehloran city, multilevel empowerment, enjoying social opportunities, social justice, hope for future careers, life satisfaction and in a sense, economic and social development indicators will face some challenges. Accordingly, the present study intends to investigate the effect of social capital, media consumption, destiny, gender stereotypes, and the feeling of social justice on the intergenerational social mobility of women in Dehloran city.
 
Methodology
This article aims to model the predictors affecting the intergenerational social mobility of women in Dehloran city. The method of this research is a survey and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population of the present study includes all women in Dehloran city. They were 20311 women from whom 373 women were selected using a Cochran formula. In terms of time, this research was conducted in 2019-2020.
 
Findings
The results of structural equation modelling have also confirmed the effect of the variables of social capital, media consumption, destiny, gender stereotypes and the sense of social justice on the intergenerational social mobility of women. The results of the study showed that the variable of media consumption has the greatest impact on intergenerational social mobility and then the variables of destiny, gender stereotypes, sense of social justice and social capital are ranked. Also, research variables were able to explain 29.5% of the intergenerational social mobility changes.
 
Result
Social mobility is one of the most important topics in sociology that explains the system of stratification, social change, and the process of sustainable development, the determination of the inequality rate, injustice and also identification of discrimination patterns. In this study, we have examined the effect of social capital, media consumption, destiny, gender stereotypes and the sense of social justice on the intergenerational social mobility of women in Dehloran were studied. The results of the present study showed that an increasing rate of social capital among the respondents leads to high intergenerational social mobility. This finding is consistent with the results of Amini Kho (2017), Lin and Huang (2005) and Arup Mitra (2007). Therefore, the more women have mutual understanding, trust, cooperation, commitment and close relationship, their social mobility will be at a higher level. In the theory of social capital, Coleman also considers the family as a source of benefits that are achieved through membership in networks and groups. The findings of the present study also showed that the structure of media consumption, compared to other variables, has a greater impact on the intergenerational social mobility of women. That is, the higher the media consumption of the respondents, the higher the intergenerational social mobility among them. The results of this study are consistent with Amini Kho (2017). In this regard, Gerbner (1960) believes that the duration of people's membership in virtual social networks affects user preferences; when the membership period is longer, the effect will be more than ever. According to the research findings, the effect of the determinism variable on the intergenerational social mobility variable was significant (Sig= -0.320). That is, if the respondents have more tendency towards density, their intergenerational social mobility of them will decrease.

Keywords

References

Aminikho, M. (2016). The state of social mobility of rural-urban migrants and its relationship with the type of migration and some social and demographic factors in the cities of Yasouj and Madawan. Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, Yasouj University, Iran. (In Persian)
Arown, R. (2003). Basic stages of thought in sociology (Mansour Vousoghi). Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications. (In Persian)
Babaiefard,  A. & Heydariyan, A. (2017). Investigating the effect of cultural capital on students’ academic achievement. Journal of social sciences ferdowsi university of mashhad, 12(1), 117-142. (In Persian)
Breen, ‌R. (2004). Social Mobility in Europe. ‌Oxford University Prees.
Brown‌, P. & James‌, D. (2020). Educational expansion, poverty reduction and social mobility: Reframing the debate. International Journal of Educational Research,100, 101537.
‌Chin, W. W. (1998b). ‌The partial least squares approach for structural equation modelling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern methods for business research (pp. 295-336). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
‌Cohen, B. J. (1999). Introduction to Sociology, (Mohsen Solasi), Tehran, Totia Publishing. fourth edition. (In Persian)
Coser, L. A. (2010). Life and Thought of Sociological Elders, (Mohsen Solasi), Scientific publication. (In Persian)
Davari, A. & Rezazadeh., A. (2016). Structural equation modeling with PLS, Tehran, Jahad Daneshghahi, Publishing Organization, Fourth Edition. Text in PersianRasti, H., Rahmani., E(2016). Investigating Effective Factors on the Degree of Fatalism in Rural Areas (Case study: Konarak Township) . The Socio –Cultural Research Journal of Rahbord, 5(19), 151-167. (In Persian)
Duryea, S., De Freitas, L. B., Ozemela, L. M. G., Sampaio, B., Sampaio, G. R. & Trevisan, G. (2019). Universities and intergenerational social mobility in Brazil: Examining patterns by race and gender. Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy, 2: 240-256.
Echine, A. (2019). Social media and social mobility: Exploring the role of social networks in the 2018 boycott campaign in Morocco. Journal of Cyberspace Studies, 3(1), 59-78.
Ezazi, S. (2012). Transformation in the Role of Women. Collection of Articles, Tehran. (In Persian)
Garson, G. D. (2016). Partial least squares. Regression and Structural Equation Models. Asheboro, NC: Statistical Associates Publishing.
‌‌Ghaemizadeh, M. S., Mobaraki, M. & Mahmoudzadeh, M. (2018). Modernization or social reproduction (A study on stratification and social mobility). Journal of Social Analysis of Order and Social Security, 4(72), 81-114. (In Persian)
Giddens, A. (2010). Sociology (Hassan Chavoshian), Tehran, Ney Publishing. Tenth edition. (In Persian)
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M. & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. Journal of Merketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-150.
‌‌Hezarjaribi,. J. (2012). The study of feeling social justice and effective factors on it. Journal of Applied Sociology, 22(3), 41-62. (In Persian)
Imani, G. (2016). Examining the social mobility (intergenerational) opportunities of women in Tehran. Master's thesis. Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Al-Zahra University, Iran. (In Persian)
Jaberi, O. (1997). Education and hope for social mobility (research in high schools in Tehran about educational inequality). Master Thesis. Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Beheshti University, Iran. (In Persian)
Kalantari, S. & Ghaemizadeh, M. S. (2003). Social mobility and class construction case study: Hamadan city. Iranian Journal of Sociology, 4(4), 7-100. (In Persian)
Karimi Dastnaei, T.(2020). Gender Gap Index 2020 in Iran and the world, Tehran Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agriculture, Economic research department. (In Persian)
Karimiyan, K., Parsamehr, M. & Afshani, S. A. (2018). Investigate psychological and social factors affecting trends of high school adolescent’s girl in Shahrekord toward social network. Social sciences, 25(80), 209-237. (In Persian)
Khoshro, Z & . Rezaeinasab, Z .(2013). A comparative study of the opinions of Karl Marx and Max Weber in the field of social inequality. Journal of Economic, 14(7-8), 73-90. (In Persian)
Latan, H. & Ghozali, I. (2013). The results of partial least squares-structural equation modelling analyses (PLS-SEM). Available at SSRN 2364191.
Lin, S. C. & Huang, Y. M. (2005). The role of social capital in the relationship between human capital and career mobility: Moderator or mediator? Journal of Intellectual Capital, 6(2): 191-205.
Lipset, S. M. (2002). Sociology of Stratification and Social Inequality, translated by Javad Afshar Kohan, Mashhad: Nika Publications. (In Persian)
Lotfi, M. (2009). A Study of Social Factors Affecting Social Mobility in Kermanshah, M.Sc. Thesis, Tehran Teacher Training University, Faculty of Literature and Humanities. (In Persian)
Luke, N. & Munshi, ‌K. (2011).Women as agents of change: Female income and mobility in India. Journal of Development Economics, 94(1): 1-17.
Masoumirad, R. & Naebi, H. (2014). Social factors affecting the social mobility of faculty members of Islamic Azad University. The Socio- Cultural Research Journal of Rahbord, 2(7), 103-133. (In Persian)
Memar, S., Adlipoor, S. & Khaksar, F. (2013).Virtual social networks and identity crisis (with emphasis on identity crisis in Iran). Quartely of Social Studies and Research in Iran, 1(4), 155-176. (In Persian)
Mitra, ‌A. (2008). Social capital, livelihood and upward mobility. Habitat International, 32(2), 261-269.
Moghadam, M. (2018). Investigating the social factors affecting the formation of gender stereotypes. Scientific-Specialized Monthly of Research in Arts and Humanities, 3(5), 91-104. (In Persian)
Molavi, E. (2013). Intergenerational social mobility and class cultures "Study of the trajectory of intergenerational class mobility in the Hamadan City and its relationship with the formation of class cultures, M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty Literature and Humanities, Bu Ali Sina University, Iran. (In Persian)
Mostafavi, M. (2018). Investigating the effect of virtual social networks on individual identity, social mobility and individualism in first grade high school girls in the second district of Baharestan, Master's thesis, Payam Noor University, West Tehran Branch, Iran. (In Persian)
Navazeni, B. & Yazdi, A. (2011). Management challenges for Iranian women: A case study of Imam Khomeini International University as a governmental organization. Research Letter of Poltical Science, 6(1), 201-217. (In Persian)
Nayebi, H. & Masoumirad, R. (2012). A study of cultural factors influencing social mobility. Sociological Review, 18(39), 1-34. (In Persian)
Niyazi, M. & Shafaee Aghdam, E. (2015). An investigation of factors affecting the rate of fatalism among women, Cultural Sociology, Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies, 5(1), 123-147. (In Persian)
Noor Alian, Y. (2010). Sociological study of the relationship between social capital and social mobility in the city of Hamadan. Master Thesis, Bu Ali Sina University, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Iran. (In Persian)
Noroozi, H. & Nejat, S. (2015). Structural equation modeling in simple language LISREL and Warp PLS. Tehran, Fujan Publications, first edition. (In Persian)
Putnam, R. (2001). Democracy and Civil Traditions (Mohammad Taghi Delfrooz), Tehran, Salam Newspaper. (In Persian)
Rafatkhah., M. & Kheirkhah, F. (2012). The issues and challenges of women’s employment in Iran from the view point of working managers. Quarterly Journal of Socio-Cultural Development Studies, 1(2), 130-156. (In Persian)
Rasti, H. & Rahmani, E. (2017). Investigating effective factors on the degree of fatalism in rural areas (Case study: Konarak Township). The Socio- Cultural Research Journal of Rahbord, 5(19), 151-167.
Safari, A. & Foroghi Abri, M. (2011). Glass ceiling and ways to break it for women in Iran. Tadbir, 217, 48-44. (In Persian)
Saghafi, Z. & Rad, F. (2014). Examine the relationship between gender stereotypes and social participation among female students of Islamic Azad University of Miyandoab. The Journal  of Sociology Studies, 7(22), 25-45. (In Persian)
Sanchez, G. (2013). PLS path modeling with R, trowchez editions. Berkeley, 2013. G Sanchez. Also available at http://www. gastonsanchez. com/PLSPathModelingwithR. pdf.
Sedaghatzdeghan, S. H., Maleki, A. & Khosravi, N. (2017). The study on social factors relevant to attitude in promotion of women's participation in managerial levels. Journal of Participation and Social Development, 2(4), 115-138. (In Persian)
Shams Addini, Z. (2017). A study of the degree of destiny and social factors affecting it: case study of citizens aged 18-65 in Kerman, Masters Thesis, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran. (In Persian)
Sharifiyan, A. & Fotovat, H. (2011). Social capital and quality of life case study of Shiraz university students (Pardis Branch). Social Development and Welfare Planning, 3(8), 153-188. (In Persian)
Shiani, M. & Ahmadpour,  K. (2017). The study of relationship between social capital and social identity among citizens of Rasht. Social Welfare Quarterly, 17(66), 255-290. (In Persian)
Shiani, M. & Mousavi, M. (2011). Analyzing the social capital status in Kerman city. Social Welfare Quarterly, 11(41), 93-122. (In Persian)
Shirini, S. I. (2015). A comparative study of social mobility and social status of women in industrial and non-industrial countries in 2013, M.Sc Thesis, Islamic Azad University, Khalkhal Branch, Iran. (In Persian)
‌Sobhanifard, Y. (2016). Basics and application of factor analysis and structural equation modeling, using LISREL, Smart PLS 3, AMOS, SPSS, HLM software, Tehran, Imam sadiq  university Press, First Edition. (In Persian)
Suleiman Pouromran, M. & Shirazi, Z. (2016). Identifying factors affecting the career advancement of women in organizational management positions. Women and Culture, 9(33), 109-124. (In Persian)
Tavassoli, A. & Jalalvand, E. (2016). Differences between men and women management style, the need for women to be present in management, The Second National Conference on Corporate Governance in line with the policy of resistance economy, Al-Zahra University, Iran. (In Persian)
Tumin, M. M. (2007). Social stratification: the forms and functions of inequality (Abdolhossein Nikgohar), Tehran: Totia Publishing. (In Persian)
Wong, K. K. K. (2013). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques using SmartPLS. Marketing Bulletin, 24(1), 1-32.
Yazdanpanah, L. (1993). The Study of Intergenerational Job Mobility in Shiraz, M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Social Sciences, Allameh Tabatabai University, Iran. (In Persian)
Zahedi, M. J. (2004). Development and inequality. Tehran, Tutia Publications. (In Persian)
Zare, B. & Lotfi, M. (2014). Sociological analysis of intergenerational social mobility in Kermanshah city. Social Analysis of Order and Social Inequality, 4(1), 113-139. (In Persian)
Zhang, J. H., Yu, M. L., Wu, F. W. & Chen, W. (2013). Human capital of family and social mobility in rural areas – evidence from China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 12(10), 1905 -1915.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics